sandia_sparse


sandia_sparse, a FORTRAN90 code which can be used to compute the points and weights of a Smolyak sparse grid, based on a variety of 1-dimensional quadrature rules.

The sparse grids that can be created may be based on any one of a variety of 1D quadrature rules. However, only isotropic grids are generated, that is, the same 1D quadrature rule is used in each dimension, and the same maximum order is used in each dimension. This is a limitation of this library, and not an inherent limitation of the sparse grid method.

The 1D quadrature rules that can be used to construct sparse grids include:

Point Growth of 1D Rules

A major advantage of sparse grids is that they can achieve accuracy that is comparable to a corresponding product rule, while using far fewer points, that is, evaluations of the function that is to be integrated. We will leave aside the issue of comparing accuracy for now, and simply focus on the pattern of point growth.

A sparse grid is essentially a linear combination of lower order product grids. One way point growth is controlled is to only use product grids based on a set of factors that are nested. In other words, the underlying 1D rules are selected so that, when we increase the order of such a rule, all the points of the current rule are included in the new one.

The exact details of how this works depend on the particular 1D rule being used and the nesting behavior it satisfies. We classify the cases as follows:

For CFN rules we have the following relationship between the level (index of the grid) and the 1D order (the number of points in the 1D rule.)


        order = 2level + 1
      
except that for the special case of level=0 we assign order=1.

For OFN, OWN and ONN rules, the relationship between level and 1D order is:


        order = 2level+1 - 1
      

Thus, as we allow level to grow, the order of the 1D closed and open rules behaves as follows:
LevelCFNOFN/OWN/ONN
0 1 1
1 3 3
2 5 7
3 9 15
4 17 31
5 33 63
6 65 127
7 129 255
8 257 511
9 513 1,023
10 1,025 2,057

When we move to multiple dimensions, the counting becomes more complicated. This is because a multidimensional sparse grid is made up of a logical sum of product grids. A multidimensional sparse grid has a multidimensional level, which is a single number. Each product grid that forms part of this sparse grid has a multidimensional level which is the sum of the 1D levels of its factors. A sparse grid whose multidimensional level is represented by LEVEL includes all product grids whose level ranges LEVEL+1-DIM and LEVEL.

Thus, as one example, if DIM is 2, the sparse grid of level 3, formed from a CFN rule, will be formed from the following product rules.
levellevel 1level 2order 1order 2order
101133
110313
202155
211339
220515
Because of the nesting pattern for CFN rules, instead of 25 points (the sum of the orders), we will actually have just 13 unique points.

For a CFN sparse grid, here is the pattern of growth in the number of points, as a function of spatial dimension and grid level:
DIM 1 2 3 4 5
Level     
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 5 7 9 11
2 5 13 25 41 61
3 9 29 69 137 241
4 17 65 177 401 801
5 33 145 441 1,105 2,433
6 65 3211,073 2,929 6,993
7129 7052,561 7,53719,313
82571,5376,01718,94551,713

For an OFN sparse grid, here is the pattern of growth in the number of points, as a function of spatial dimension and grid level:
DIM 1 2 3 4 5
Level     
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 5 7 9 11
2 7 17 31 49 71
3 15 49 111 209 351
4 31 129 351 769 1,471
5 63 321 1,023 2,561 5,503
6127 769 2,815 7,937 18,943
72551,793 7,42323,297 61,183
85114,09718,94365,537187,903

For an OWN sparse grid, here is the pattern of growth in the number of points, as a function of spatial dimension and grid level:
DIM 1 2 3 4 5
Level     
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 5 7 9 11
2 7 21 37 57 81
3 15 73 159 289 471
4 31 225 597 1,265 2,341
5 63 637 2,031 4,969 10,363
6127 1,693 6,405 17,945 41,913
7255 4,28919,023 60,577157,583
851110,47353,829193,457557,693

For an ONN sparse grid, here is the pattern of growth in the number of points, as a function of spatial dimension and grid level:
DIM 1 2 3 4 5
Level     
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 7 10 13 16
2 7 29 58 95 141
3 15 95 255 515 906
4 31 273 945 2,309 4,746
5 63 723 3,120 9,065 21,503
6127 1,813 9,484 32,259 87,358
7255 4,37527,109106,455 325,943
851110,26573,915330,9851,135,893

Usage:

To integrate a function f(x) over a multidimensional cube [-1,+1]^DIM using a sparse grid based on a Clenshaw Curtis rule, we might use a program something like the following:

      dim = 2
      level = 3
      rule = 1

      call levels_index_size ( dim, level, rule, point_num )

      allocate ( w(1:point_num) )
      allocate ( x(1:dim,1:point_num) )

      call sparse_grid ( dim, level, rule, point_num, w, x )

      quad = 0.0
      do j = 1, point_num
        quad = quad + w(j) * f ( x(1:dim,j) )
      end do
    

Licensing:

The code described and made available on this web page is distributed under the GNU LGPL license.

Languages:

sandia_sparse is available in a C++ version and a FORTRAN90 version and a MATLAB version.

Related Data and Programs:

sandia_sparse_test

sandia_rules, a FORTRAN90 library which generates Gauss quadrature rules of various orders and types.

sgmga, a FORTRAN90 library which creates sparse grids based on a mixture of 1D quadrature rules, allowing anisotropic weights for each dimension.

smolpack, a C library which implements Novak and Ritter's method for estimating the integral of a function over a multidimensional hypercube using sparse grids, by Knut Petras.

sparse_grid_cc, a FORTRAN90 library which can define a multidimensional sparse grid based on a 1D Clenshaw Curtis rule.

Reference:

  1. Volker Barthelmann, Erich Novak, Klaus Ritter,
    High Dimensional Polynomial Interpolation on Sparse Grids,
    Advances in Computational Mathematics,
    Volume 12, Number 4, 2000, pages 273-288.
  2. Charles Clenshaw, Alan Curtis,
    A Method for Numerical Integration on an Automatic Computer,
    Numerische Mathematik,
    Volume 2, Number 1, December 1960, pages 197-205.
  3. Philip Davis, Philip Rabinowitz,
    Methods of Numerical Integration,
    Second Edition,
    Dover, 2007,
    ISBN: 0486453391,
    LC: QA299.3.D28.
  4. Thomas Gerstner, Michael Griebel,
    Numerical Integration Using Sparse Grids,
    Numerical Algorithms,
    Volume 18, Number 3-4, 1998, pages 209-232.
  5. Albert Nijenhuis, Herbert Wilf,
    Combinatorial Algorithms for Computers and Calculators,
    Second Edition,
    Academic Press, 1978,
    ISBN: 0-12-519260-6,
    LC: QA164.N54.
  6. Fabio Nobile, Raul Tempone, Clayton Webster,
    A Sparse Grid Stochastic Collocation Method for Partial Differential Equations with Random Input Data,
    SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis,
    Volume 46, Number 5, 2008, pages 2309-2345.
  7. Fabio Nobile, Raul Tempone, Clayton Webster,
    An Anisotropic Sparse Grid Stochastic Collocation Method for Partial Differential Equations with Random Input Data,
    SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis,
    Volume 46, Number 5, 2008, pages 2411-2442.
  8. Sergey Smolyak,
    Quadrature and Interpolation Formulas for Tensor Products of Certain Classes of Functions,
    Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
    Volume 4, 1963, pages 240-243.
  9. Dennis Stanton, Dennis White,
    Constructive Combinatorics,
    Springer, 1986,
    ISBN: 0387963472,
    LC: QA164.S79.

Source Code:


Last revised on 16 January 2023.