# include # include # include # include int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ); double cpu_time ( ); void timestamp ( ); /******************************************************************************/ int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: MAIN is the main program for HEATED_PLATE. Discussion: This code solves the steady state heat equation on a rectangular region. The sequential version of this program needs approximately 18/epsilon iterations to complete. The physical region, and the boundary conditions, are suggested by this diagram; W = 0 +------------------+ | | W = 100 | | W = 100 | | +------------------+ W = 100 The region is covered with a grid of M by N nodes, and an N by N array W is used to record the temperature. The correspondence between array indices and locations in the region is suggested by giving the indices of the four corners: I = 0 [0][0]-------------[0][N-1] | | J = 0 | | J = N-1 | | [M-1][0]-----------[M-1][N-1] I = M-1 The steady state solution to the discrete heat equation satisfies the following condition at an interior grid point: W[Central] = (1/4) * ( W[North] + W[South] + W[East] + W[West] ) where "Central" is the index of the grid point, "North" is the index of its immediate neighbor to the "north", and so on. Given an approximate solution of the steady state heat equation, a "better" solution is given by replacing each interior point by the average of its 4 neighbors - in other words, by using the condition as an ASSIGNMENT statement: W[Central] <= (1/4) * ( W[North] + W[South] + W[East] + W[West] ) If this process is repeated often enough, the difference between successive estimates of the solution will go to zero. This program carries out such an iteration, using a tolerance specified by the user, and writes the final estimate of the solution to a file that can be used for graphic processing. Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 22 July 2008 Author: Original C version by Michael Quinn. Modifications by John Burkardt. Reference: Michael Quinn, Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP, McGraw-Hill, 2004, ISBN13: 978-0071232654, LC: QA76.73.C15.Q55. Parameters: Commandline argument 1, double EPSILON, the error tolerance. Commandline argument 2, char *OUTPUT_FILE, the name of the file into which the steady state solution is written when the program has completed. Local parameters: Local, double DIFF, the norm of the change in the solution from one iteration to the next. Local, double MEAN, the average of the boundary values, used to initialize the values of the solution in the interior. Local, double U[M][N], the solution at the previous iteration. Local, double W[M][N], the solution computed at the latest iteration. */ { # define M 500 # define N 500 double ctime; double ctime1; double ctime2; double diff; double epsilon; FILE *fp; int i; int iterations; int iterations_print; int j; double mean; char output_file[80]; int success; double u[M][N]; double w[M][N]; timestamp ( ); printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "HEATED_PLATE\n" ); printf ( " C version\n" ); printf ( " A program to solve for the steady state temperature distribution\n" ); printf ( " over a rectangular plate.\n" ); printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " Spatial grid of %d by %d points.\n", M, N ); /* Read EPSILON from the command line or the user. */ if ( argc < 2 ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " Enter EPSILON, the error tolerance:\n" ); success = scanf ( "%lf", &epsilon ); } else { success = sscanf ( argv[1], "%lf", &epsilon ); } if ( success != 1 ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "HEATED_PLATE\n" ); printf ( " Error reading in the value of EPSILON.\n"); return 1; } printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " The iteration will be repeated until the change is <= %f\n", epsilon ); diff = epsilon; /* Read OUTPUT_FILE from the command line or the user. */ if ( argc < 3 ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " Enter OUTPUT_FILE, the name of the output file:\n" ); success = scanf ( "%s", output_file ); } else { success = sscanf ( argv[2], "%s", output_file ); } if ( success != 1 ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "HEATED_PLATE\n" ); printf ( " Error reading in the value of OUTPUT_FILE.\n"); return 1; } printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " The steady state solution will be written to '%s'.\n", output_file ); /* Set the boundary values, which don't change. */ for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { w[i][0] = 100.0; } for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { w[i][N-1] = 100.0; } for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) { w[M-1][j] = 100.0; } for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) { w[0][j] = 0.0; } /* Average the boundary values, to come up with a reasonable initial value for the interior. */ mean = 0.0; for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { mean = mean + w[i][0]; } for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { mean = mean + w[i][N-1]; } for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) { mean = mean + w[M-1][j]; } for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) { mean = mean + w[0][j]; } mean = mean / ( double ) ( 2 * M + 2 * N - 4 ); /* Initialize the interior solution to the mean value. */ for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { for ( j = 1; j < N - 1; j++ ) { w[i][j] = mean; } } /* iterate until the new solution W differs from the old solution U by no more than EPSILON. */ iterations = 0; iterations_print = 1; printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " Iteration Change\n" ); printf ( "\n" ); ctime1 = cpu_time ( ); while ( epsilon <= diff ) { /* Save the old solution in U. */ for ( i = 0; i < M; i++ ) { for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) { u[i][j] = w[i][j]; } } /* Determine the new estimate of the solution at the interior points. The new solution W is the average of north, south, east and west neighbors. */ diff = 0.0; for ( i = 1; i < M - 1; i++ ) { for ( j = 1; j < N - 1; j++ ) { w[i][j] = ( u[i-1][j] + u[i+1][j] + u[i][j-1] + u[i][j+1] ) / 4.0; if ( diff < fabs ( w[i][j] - u[i][j] ) ) { diff = fabs ( w[i][j] - u[i][j] ); } } } iterations++; if ( iterations == iterations_print ) { printf ( " %8d %f\n", iterations, diff ); iterations_print = 2 * iterations_print; } } ctime2 = cpu_time ( ); ctime = ctime2 - ctime1; printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " %8d %f\n", iterations, diff ); printf ( "\n" ); printf ( " Error tolerance achieved.\n" ); printf ( " CPU time = %f\n", ctime ); /* Write the solution to the output file. */ fp = fopen ( output_file, "w" ); fprintf ( fp, "%d\n", M ); fprintf ( fp, "%d\n", N ); for ( i = 0; i < M; i++ ) { for ( j = 0; j < N; j++) { fprintf ( fp, "%6.2f ", w[i][j] ); } fputc ( '\n', fp); } fclose ( fp ); printf ( "\n" ); printf (" Solution written to the output file '%s'\n", output_file ); /* Terminate. */ printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "HEATED_PLATE:\n" ); printf ( " Normal end of execution.\n" ); printf ( "\n" ); timestamp ( ); return 0; # undef M # undef N } /******************************************************************************/ double cpu_time ( ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: CPU_TIME returns the current reading on the CPU clock. Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 06 June 2005 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: Output, double CPU_TIME, the current reading of the CPU clock, in seconds. */ { double value; value = ( double ) clock ( ) / ( double ) CLOCKS_PER_SEC; return value; } /******************************************************************************/ void timestamp ( ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: TIMESTAMP prints the current YMDHMS date as a time stamp. Example: 17 June 2014 09:45:54 AM Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 17 June 2014 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: None */ { # define TIME_SIZE 40 static char time_buffer[TIME_SIZE]; const struct tm *tm; time_t now; now = time ( NULL ); tm = localtime ( &now ); strftime ( time_buffer, TIME_SIZE, "%d %B %Y %I:%M:%S %p", tm ); printf ( "%s\n", time_buffer ); return; # undef TIME_SIZE }