# include # include # include # include "fd1d_bvp.h" /******************************************************************************/ double *fd1d_bvp ( int n, double a ( double x ), double aprime ( double x ), double c ( double x ), double f ( double x ), double x[] ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: FD1D_BVP solves a two point boundary value problem. Discussion: The program uses the finite difference method to solve a BVP (boundary value problem) in one dimension. The problem is defined on the region X[0] <= x <= X[N-1]. The following differential equation is imposed: - d/dx a(x) du/dx + c(x) * u(x) = f(x) where a(x), c(x), and f(x) are given functions. We write out the equation in full as - a(x) * u''(x) - a'(x) * u'(x) + c(x) * u(x) = f(x) At the boundaries, the following conditions are applied: u(X[0]) = 0.0 u(X[N-1]) = 0.0 We replace the function U(X) by a vector of N values U associated with the nodes. The first and last values of U are determined by the boundary conditions. At each interior node I, we write an equation to help us determine U(I). We do this by approximating the derivatives of U(X) by finite differences. Let us write XL, XM, and XR for X(I-1), X(I) and X(I+1). Similarly we have UL, UM, and UR. Other quantities to be evaluated at X(I) = XM will also be labeled with an M: - AM * ( UL - 2 UM + UR ) / DX^2 - A'M * ( UL - UR ) / ( 2 * DX ) + CM * UM = FM These N-2 linear equations for the unknown coefficients complete the linear system and allow us to compute the finite difference approximation to the solution of the BVP. Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 08 May 2016 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: Input, int N, the number of nodes. Input, double A ( double x ), evaluates a(x); Input, double APRIME ( double x ), evaluates a'(x); Input, double C ( double x ), evaluates c(x); Input, double F ( double x ), evaluates f(x); Input, double X[N], the mesh points, which may be nonuniformly spaced. Output, double FD1D_BVP[N], the value of the finite difference approximation to the solution. */ { double am; double apm; double cm; double fm; int i; double *rhs; double *tri; double *u; double xm; /* Equation 1 is the left boundary condition, U(X[0]) = 0.0; */ tri = ( double * ) malloc ( 3 * n * sizeof ( double ) ); rhs = ( double * ) malloc ( n * sizeof ( double ) ); tri[0+0*3] = 0.0; tri[1+0*3] = 1.0; tri[2+0*3] = 0.0; rhs[0] = 0.0; /* Now gather the multipliers of U(I-1) to get the matrix entry A(I,I-1), and so on. */ for ( i = 1; i < n - 1; i++ ) { xm = x[i]; am = a ( xm ); apm = aprime ( xm ); cm = c ( xm ); fm = f ( xm ); tri[0+i*3] = - 2.0 * am / ( x[i] - x[i-1] ) / ( x[i+1] - x[i-1] ) + apm / ( x[i+1] - x[i-1] ); tri[1+i*3] = + 2.0 * am / ( x[i] - x[i-1] ) / ( x[i+1] - x[i] ) + cm; tri[2+i*3] = - 2.0 * am / ( x[i+1] - x[i] ) / ( x[i+1] - x[i-1] ) - apm / ( x[i+1] - x[i-1] ); rhs[i] = fm; } /* Equation N is the right boundary condition, U(X[N-1]) = 0.0; */ tri[0+(n-1)*3] = 0.0; tri[1+(n-1)*3] = 1.0; tri[2+(n-1)*3] = 0.0; rhs[n-1] = 0.0; /* Solve the linear system. */ u = r83np_fs ( n, tri, rhs ); free ( rhs ); free ( tri ); return u; } /******************************************************************************/ double *r83np_fs ( int n, double a[], double b[] ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: R83NP_FS factors and solves an R83NP system. Discussion: The R83NP storage format is used for a tridiagonal matrix. The subdiagonal is in entries (0,1:N-1), the diagonal is in entries (1,0:N-1), the superdiagonal is in entries (2,0:N-2). This algorithm requires that each diagonal entry be nonzero. It does not use pivoting, and so can fail on systems that are actually nonsingular. The "R83NP" format used for this routine is different from the R83 format. Here, we insist that the nonzero entries for a given row now appear in the corresponding column of the packed array. Example: Here is how a R83 matrix of order 5 would be stored: * A21 A32 A43 A54 A11 A22 A33 A44 A55 A12 A23 A34 A45 * Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 17 May 2009 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: Input, int N, the order of the linear system. Input/output, double A[3*N]. On input, the nonzero diagonals of the linear system. On output, the data in these vectors has been overwritten by factorization information. Input, double B[N], the right hand side. Output, double R83NP_FS[N], the solution of the linear system. */ { int i; double *x; /* Check. */ for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { if ( a[1+i*3] == 0.0 ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "R83NP_FS - Fatal error!\n" ); printf ( " A[1+%d*3] = 0.\n", i ); exit ( 1 ); } } x = ( double * ) malloc ( n * sizeof ( double ) ); for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) { x[i] = b[i]; } for ( i = 1; i < n; i++ ) { a[1+i*3] = a[1+i*3] - a[2+(i-1)*3] * a[0+i*3] / a[1+(i-1)*3]; x[i] = x[i] - x[i-1] * a[0+i*3] / a[1+(i-1)*3]; } x[n-1] = x[n-1] / a[1+(n-1)*3]; for ( i = n-2; 0 <= i; i-- ) { x[i] = ( x[i] - a[2+i*3] * x[i+1] ) / a[1+i*3]; } return x; } /******************************************************************************/ void r8mat_write ( char *output_filename, int m, int n, double table[] ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: R8MAT_WRITE writes an R8MAT file. Discussion: An R8MAT is an array of R8's. Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 01 June 2009 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: Input, char *OUTPUT_FILENAME, the output filename. Input, int M, the spatial dimension. Input, int N, the number of points. Input, double TABLE[M*N], the data. */ { int i; int j; FILE *output; /* Open the file. */ output = fopen ( output_filename, "wt" ); if ( !output ) { printf ( "\n" ); printf ( "R8MAT_WRITE - Fatal error!\n" ); printf ( " Could not open the output file.\n" ); return; } /* Write the data. */ for ( j = 0; j < n; j++ ) { for ( i = 0; i < m; i++ ) { fprintf ( output, " %24.16e", table[i+j*m] ); } fprintf ( output, "\n" ); } /* Close the file. */ fclose ( output ); return; } /******************************************************************************/ double *r8vec_even ( int n, double alo, double ahi ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: R8VEC_EVEN returns N real values, evenly spaced between ALO and AHI. Discussion: An R8VEC is a vector of R8's. Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 17 February 2004 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: Input, int N, the number of values. Input, double ALO, AHI, the low and high values. Output, double R8VEC_EVEN[N], N evenly spaced values. */ { double *a; int i; a = ( double * ) malloc ( n * sizeof ( double ) ); if ( n == 1 ) { a[0] = 0.5 * ( alo + ahi ); } else { for ( i = 1; i <= n; i++ ) { a[i-1] = ( ( double ) ( n - i ) * alo + ( double ) ( i - 1 ) * ahi ) / ( double ) ( n - 1 ); } } return a; } /******************************************************************************/ void timestamp ( ) /******************************************************************************/ /* Purpose: TIMESTAMP prints the current YMDHMS date as a time stamp. Example: 31 May 2001 09:45:54 AM Licensing: This code is distributed under the MIT license. Modified: 24 September 2003 Author: John Burkardt Parameters: None */ { # define TIME_SIZE 40 static char time_buffer[TIME_SIZE]; const struct tm *tm; time_t now; now = time ( NULL ); tm = localtime ( &now ); strftime ( time_buffer, TIME_SIZE, "%d %B %Y %I:%M:%S %p", tm ); printf ( "%s\n", time_buffer ); return; # undef TIME_SIZE }