example4_standard_exceptions.cpp

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#include <exception>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

void demonstrateExceptions() {
    std::vector<int> vec(5);

    try {
        // Demonstrate out_of_range
        std::cout << vec.at(10) << std::endl;
    } catch (const std::out_of_range& e) {
        std::cerr << "Out of range error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }

    try {
        // Demonstrate bad_alloc
        std::vector<int> tempVec;
        std::vector<int> hugeVector(tempVec.max_size());
    } catch (const std::bad_alloc& e) {
        std::cerr << "Bad allocation error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }

    try {
        // Demonstrate invalid_argument
        std::stoi("not a number");
    } catch (const std::invalid_argument& e) {
        std::cerr << "Invalid argument error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    try {
        demonstrateExceptions();
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cerr << "Caught unhandled exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}